Clinical pharmacy books pdf free download

Out-patient service, In-patient services- types of services detailed discussion of unit Dose system, Floor ward stock system, satellite pharmacy services, central sterile services, Bed side pharmacy. Manufacturing: Economical considerations, estimation of demand. Sterile manufacture-Large and small volume parenterals, facilities, requirements, layout production planning , man-power requirements. Procurement of stores and testing of raw materials. Nomenclature and uses of surgical instruments and Hospital Equipments and health accessories.

Drug Information service and Drug Information Bulletin. Surgical dressing like cotton, gauze, bandages and adhesive tapes including their pharmacopoeial tests for quality.

Other hospital supply eg. Pharmacists can then, in collaboration with prescribers and other members of the health care team, initiate action to improve drug therapy for patients. Prospective DUR: Prospective review involves evaluating a patient's planned drug therapy before a medication is dispensed.

This process allows the pharmacist to identify and resolve problems before the patient has received the medication.

Pharmacists routinely perform prospective reviews in their daily practice by assessing a prescription medications dosage and directions while reviewing patient information for possible drug interactions or duplicate therapy. For example, a patient being treated with warfarin to prevent blood clots may be prescribed a new drug by another specialist to treat arthritis.

If taken together, the patient could experience internal bleeding. Concurrent DUR: Concurrent review is performed during the course of treatment and involves the on-going monitoring of drug therapy to foster positive patient outcomes. It presents pharmacists with the opportunity to alert prescribers to potential problems and intervene in areas such as drug-drug interactions, duplicate therapy, over or underutilization and excessive or insufficient dosing.

This type of review allows therapy for a patient to be altered if necessary. As electronic prescribing becomes more widely adopted, the concurrent DUR process may be performed by the prescriber at the time of prescription transmission to the pharmacy, allowing interventions before the drug is dispensed.

An important component of DUR will require complete and current drug and allergy records for the patient, as well as knowledge of appropriate therapeutic interchanges for individuals. As a safety net, pharmacists will perform a similar role as prescribers on the dispensing side of these transactions. Example: Concurrent DUR often occurs in institutional settings, where patients often receive multiple medications. Periodic review of patient records can detect actual or potential drug-drug interactions or duplicate therapy.

It can also alert the pharmacist to the need for changes in medications, such as antibiotics, or the need for dosage adjustments based on laboratory test results.

The key prescriber s must then be alerted to the situation so corrective action can be taken. A retrospective review aims to detect patterns in prescribing, dispensing or administering drugs. Based on current patterns of medication use, prospective standards and target interventions can be developed to prevent recurrence of inappropriate medication use or abuse.

Outcomes of this review may aid prescribers in improving the care of their patients, either individually or within a certain target population e. Definition: Quality assurance can be defined as the procedures which are used to set, promote, maintain and monitor the desired standards for services and products.

TDM, patient counseling, medication chart review. Documentation of interventions and clinical services. SOAP d. ACUTE -a sudden, poignant illness of short duration but with severe symptoms 3. APEX -the bp.

Point or end of anything ARTERY -any one of the vessels through which the blood passes from the heart to all different parts of the body Usually rapid growth of cells 4. CARRIER -an individual who harbours in his body the specific organisms of a disease without manifesting its symptoms and thus act as a distributor or transmitter of the infection 8.

CAST -an appliance to render immovable, displaced or injured parts CELL -the minute protoplasmic building unit of living matter CHYLE -a fluid consisting of lymph and emulsified fats as the result of digestion in the intestine CHYME -a thick greyish liquid that is a result of digestion on the intestine COLIC -acute abdominal pain EMBOLUS -a clot or portion of a clot that has broken away from its site of origin and flows freely in the circulatory until it lodges in a narrow vessel 2.

FAINT -loss of consciousness due to insufficient blood in the brain 2. FECES -the residue from the digested food, which is discharged from the intestines 5. FETIC -having disagreeable odour 7. FETUS -a term applied to the unborn child after the third month of pregnancy 8. FEVER -abnormally high body temperature 9. FLEX -to bend GAIT -a manner or style of walking 2. GALL -the bile 3. GENES -factors in the chromosomes that determine the hereditary characteristics 8.

GERMS -pathogenic microorganism GROIN -the lowest part of the abdominal wall where it joins the thigh HICCUP -an involuntary spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm caused by the irritation of the phrenic nerve, which produced a sharp, respiratory cough HORMONES -a chemical substance produced in an organ which is carried to an associated organ by the bloodstream, influencing its functional activity LENS -a transparent crystalline structure in the eye that converges or scatters light rays to focus images on the retina 8.

LOCAL -limited to one part or place, not a general area LUMEN -the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular region MANIA -a disordered mental state of extreme excitement 6. OBESE -extremely fat 2. ONSET -the beginning of an illness when the first symptoms of disease appear 6. ORGAN -a group of body tissues having a particular function PALSY -loss of motion paralysis in a part of the body 4. PLACEBO -an inactive or non-medicinal substance given in place of a medication to gratify a patient without his knowledge of its actual physiologic, therapeutic value.

PLACENTA -organ developed in the uterus to which the embryo is attached via the umbilical cord and from which it receives its nourishment POLYP -a small protruding growth on a pedicle extending from a mucous membrane PUS -a yellowish secretion formed in certain kinds of inflammation, consisting of albuminous substance, a thin fluid, and leukocytes or their remains RASH -a superficial eruption of the skin 4.

SAC -a bag-like organ or structure; a pouch 2. SEBUM -an oily, fatty secretion from the sebaceous glands 9. SERA -the clear portion of the blood; the clear liquid that separates from the blood after clotting; serum plural SHOCK -depression of the body functions due to the failure of the circulation SINUS -a cavity. SPASM -a sudden muscular contraction STOOL -feces; solid to semi-solid waste matter TAUT -tightly drawn 5.

TEPID -moderately warm 8. THROMBIN -the fibrin ferment of the blood; an enzyme present in shed blood but not circulating blood, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin TONE -a normal vigor or lesion TONUS -the slight, continuous contraction of muscle; in skeletal muscle, tonus aid in maintaining posture and returning blood to the heart TOXEMIA -general intoxication or poisoning due to absorption of bacterial products toxins formed by some local infection TOXIC -pertaining to poison.

TOXIN -any poisonous substance of microbe, vegetable, mineral, or animal origin TUMOR -an abnormal new growth of tissue having no physiologic use which grows independently on its surrounding structures ULCER -an open sore on that external or internal surface of the body that causes the gradual disintegration of the tissue 2. UREA -the end product of protein metabolism on the body and the chief nitrogenous substance found in urine 5.

VALVE -a membranous structure in an orifice of passage that allows passage of contents on one direction only 3. VOID -to empty or cast out as waste matter 9. WON -a sebaceous cyst 2.

WEAL -a smooth, slightly elevated area on the skin, usually pale with a maddened periphery, which is often attended by severe itching 3. WOUND -an injury to any body structure caused by physical means. X-RAY -a ray that is able to penetrate most substances, used to make photographic plates of parts of the body and to treat diseases as well. Normal values are. A whole blood sample after centrifugation. The Hb test measures the grams of Hb contained in mL 1 dL or 1 L of whole blood and provides an estimate of the oxygen-carrying capacity of the RBCs.

They are used primarily to categorize anemias, although they may be affected by average. A peripheral blood smear can provide most of the information obtained through RBC indices. Observations of a smear may show variation in RBC shape poikilo cytosis , as might occur in sickle-cell anemia, or it may show a variation in RBC size anisocytosis , as might occur in a mixed anemia folic acid and iron deficiency. It essentially assesses average RBC size and reflects any anisocytosis.

Normally; most RBCs are approximately equal in size, so that only one bell-shaped histogram peak is generated. Disease may change the size of some RBCs—for example, the gradual change in size of newly produced RBCs in folic acid or iron deficiency.

The difference in size between the abnormal and the less abnormal RBCs produces either more than one histogram peak or a broadening of the normal peak. This value is used primarily with other tests to diagnose iron deficiency anemia. The reticulocyte count provides a measure of immature RBCs reticulocytes , which contain Remnants of nuclear material reticulum.

Normal RBCs circulate in the blood for about 1 to 2 days in this form. Hence, this test provides an index of bone marrow production of mature RBCs. Increased reticulocyte count occurs with such conditions as haemolytic anemia, acute blood loss, and response to the treatment of a factor deficiency e. Polychromasia the tendency to stain with acidic or basic dyes noted on a peripheral smear laboratory report usually indicates increased reticulocytes.

The erythrocyte sedimentation rate ESR measures the rate of RBC settling of whole, uncoagulated blood over time, and it primarily reflects plasma composition.

Most of the sedimentation effect results from alterations in plasma proteins. ESR values increase with acute or chronic infection, tissue necrosis or infarction, well established malignancy, and rheumatoid collagen diseases. Increased WBC count leukocytosis usually signals infection; it may also result from leukaemia, tissue necrosis, or administration of corticosteroids.

It is most oft en found with bacterial infection. Decreased WBC count leukopenia indicates bone marrow depression, which may result from metastatic carcinoma, lymphoma, or toxic reactions to substances such as antineoplastic agents.

Lymphocytes and Monocytes. A certain percentage of each type makes up the total WBC count. Neutrophils may be mature or immature. Mature neutrophils are polymorphonuclear leukocytes PMNs , also referred to as polys; segmented neutrophils, or segs; immature neutrophils are referred to as bands or stabs. They congregate at sites in response to a specific stimulus, through a process known as Chemotaxis. This describes a response to an appropriate stimulus in which the total neutrophil count increases, oft en with an increase in the percentage of immature cells a shift to the left.

This may represent a systemic bacterial infection, such as pneumonia Table 2. Rocky Mountain spotted fever , some fungi, and stress e. It may also occur with certain viral infections e. Basophils stain deeply with blue basic dye. Their function in the circulation is not clearly understood; in the tissues, they are referred to as mast cells. Eosinophils stain deep red with acid dye and are classically associated with immune reactions. Eosinophilia, an increased number of eosinophils, may occur with such conditions as acute allergic reactions e.

Lymphocytes play a dominant role in immunological activity and appear to produce antibodies. They are classified as B lymphocytes or T lymphocytes; T lymphocytes are further divided into helper-inducer cells TH4 cells and suppressor cells TH8 cells. Monocytes are phagocytic cells.

Monocytosis, an increased number of monocytes, may occur with tuberculosis TB , subacute bacterial endocarditis, and during the recovery phase of some acute infections. Platelets thrombocytes. These are the smallest formed elements in the blood, and they are involved in blood clotting and vital to the formation of a hemostatic plug after vascular injury. Thrombocytopenia, a decreased platelet count, can occur with a variety of conditions, such as idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura or, occasionally, from such drugs as quinidine and sulphonamides.

These enzyme tests indicate only that the liver has been damaged. Other tests provide indications of liver dysfunction. Serum bilirubin T. Bilirubin, a breakdown product of Hb, is the predominant pigment in bile. Effective bilirubin conjugation and excretion depend on hepatobiliary function and on the rate of RBC turnover. Serum bilirubin levels are reported as total bilirubin conjugated and unconjugated and as direct bilirubin conjugated only. Bilirubin is released by Hb breakdown and is bound to albumin as water-insoluble indirect bilirubin unconjugated bilirubin , which is not filtered by the glomerulus.

Unconjugated bilirubin travels to the liver, where it is separated from albumin, conjugated with diglucuronide, and then actively secreted into the bile as conjugated bilirubin direct bilirubin , which is filtered by the glomerulus.

Normal values of total serum bilirubin are 0. An increase in serum bilirubin results in jaundice from bilirubin deposition in the tissues. There are three major causes of increased serum bilirubin. Hemolysis increases total bilirubin; direct bilirubin conjugated is usually normal or slightly increased. Urine colour is normal, and no bilirubin is found in the urine. Biliary obstruction, which may be intrahepatic as with a chlorpromazine reaction or extra hepatic as with a biliary stone , increases total bilirubin and direct bilirubin; intrahepatic cholestasis e.

Urine colour is dark, and bilirubin is present in the urine. A decrease in albumin levels usually results in a compensatory increase in globulin production. Renal function may be assessed by measuring blood urea nitrogen BUN and serum creatinine. Renal function decreases with age, which must be taken into account when interpreting test values. These tests primarily evaluate glomerular function by assessing the glomerular filtration rate GFR. In many renal diseases, urea and creatinine accumulate in the blood because they are not excreted properly.

Azotaemia describes excessive retention of nitrogenous waste products BUN and creatinine in the blood. The clinical syndrome resulting from decreased renal function and azotaemia is called uraemia. Renal azotaemia results from renal disease, such as glomerulonephritis and chronic pyelonephritis.

Pre-renal azotemia results from such conditions as severe dehydration, hemorrhagic shock, and excessive protein intake. Post-renal azotemia results from such conditions as ureteral or urethral stones or tumours and prostatic obstructions. Clearance—a theoretical concept defined as the volume of plasma from which a measured amount of substance can be completely eliminated, or cleared, into the urine per unit time—can be used to estimate glomerular function.

Urea, an end product of protein metabolism, is produced in the liver. From there, it travels through the blood and is excreted by the kidneys.

Increased BUN levels may indicate renal disease. However, factors other than glomerular function e. Creatinine CR , the metabolic breakdown product of muscle creatine phosphate, has a relatively constant level of daily production. Blood levels very little in a given individual.

Creatinine is excreted by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. Values vary with the amount of muscle mass—a value of 1. Creatinine clearance, which represents the rate at which creatinine is removed from the blood by the kidneys, roughly approximates the GFR.

The value is given in units of millilitres per minute, representing the volume of blood cleared of creatinine by the kidney per minute. Calculation requires knowledge of urinary creatinine excretion usually over 24hrs and concurrent serum creatinine levels. Creatinine clearance is calculated as follows:. Where ClCR is the creatinine clearance in millilitres per minute, CU is the concentration of creatinine in the urine, V is the volume of urine in millilitres per minute of urine formed over the collection period , and CCR is the serum creatinine concentration.

Incomplete bladder emptying and other problems may interfere with obtaining an accurate timed urine specimen. Thus, estimations of creatinine clearance may be necessary. These estimations require only a serum creatinine value. One estimation uses the method of Cockcroft and Gault, which is based on body weight, age, and gender.

Determination of GFR. The modified diet in renal disease MDRD equation is considered a more accurate measurement of GFR than other equations used to estimate renal function. Patients must have a serum creatinine concentration. Where, Pcr is serum creatinine. For females, multiply the result by 0.

The MDRD has been validated in Caucasians, patients with diabetic kidney disease, kidney transplant recipients, and African Americans and Asians with non-diabetic kidney disease. The MDRD estimate has not been evaluated for the purpose of drug dosing. The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland is located just inferior to the larynx voice box.

The normal mass of the thyroid is about 30 g 1oz. It is highly vascularized and receives80 — mL of blood per minute. Free T4 test 2. Total serum T4 test 3. Serum T3 resin uptake test 4. Free T4 index test 5. Total serum T3 test 6. TSH thyroid stimulating hormone 7. TRH thyroid regulating hormone 8. Radioactive iodine uptake test. This test is never used alone for diagnosis. In practice, the T3 resin uptake test is used only to calculate the free T4 index.

Then TSH concentration drawn at 30 — 60 minutes. Subject with normal thyroid gland. Increased radioactive iodine uptake noted in:. The heart is a muscular organ in most animals, which pumps blood through the blood vessels of the circulatory system. Blood provides the body with oxygen and nutrients, as well as assisting in the removal of metabolic wastes.

Normal range is generally between 4, and 10,cells per cubic millimete cmm. White blood count is comprised of several different types that are differentiated, or distinguished, based on their size and shape.

The cells in a differential count are lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils. Normal range: 4. This can also be referred to as the erythrocyte count and can be expressed in international units as 4. This is the amount of hemoglobin in a volume of blood.

Here you can easily download whichever books you want. You are just one click away! Here in this article, we will provide the best helpful D. Pharma 2nd year books PDF that will help you to get good knowledge and ultimately helps in your exam preparation. We will guide you on how to download whichever books you want for your 2nd year D.

Pharm studies. If you are familiar with all this, please navigate through the below table of content, you will directly reach the download links. Table of content. In the 2nd year of D. We have made considerable effort to update each chapter and ensure the content is relevant to current practice.

Selected website addresses have been included to assist those who want to obtain further information, and many references are now available electronically. However, knowledge in therapeutics progresses rapidly, changes to dose regimens and licensed indications are frequent, safety issues emerge with established drugs and new medicines appear at regular intervals. Yesterday another landmark study may have been published that added to, or perhaps altered, the evidence base for a speciic treatment.

Editorial Review Oxford Handbook of Clinical Pharmacy pdf 3rd edition is an important and well-written contribution to the Oxford Handbooks series, and will prove useful, especially for those pharmacists and students developing skills and knowledge in patient-orientated pharmacy British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology I would thoroughly recommend this text for purchase by students and practising pharmacists alike.

User Reviews I found the book very useful with regard to studying and as a reference within the clinical setting especially if the setting operates under UK guidelines. Please enter your comment! Please enter your name here. You have entered an incorrect email address! October 11,